Poyerekeza ndi chitsulo wamba,chitsulo chapaderaali ndi mphamvu zapamwamba ndi kulimba, katundu wakuthupi, mankhwala, biocompatibility ndi ntchito ndondomeko.Komachitsulo chapaderaali ndi makhalidwe osiyana ndi zitsulo wamba.Pakuti zitsulo wamba anthu ambiri kumvetsa, koma makhalidwe achitsulo chapadera, anthu ambiri ananena mosokonezeka kwambiri.Choncho, nkhani yotsatirayi ikufotokoza za makhalidwe azitsulo zapadera.
Mawonekedwe achitsulo chapadera:
Poyerekeza ndi chitsulo wamba,chitsulo chapaderaali ndi mawonekedwe a chiyero chapamwamba, kufanana kwakukulu, kapangidwe kabwino kwambiri komanso kulondola kwambiri:
(1)Kuyera kwakukulu.Zomwe zili mu gasi ndi inclusions (kuphatikizapo zitsulo zokhala ndi malo otsika osungunuka) muzitsulo zingathe kuchepetsedwa.Pamene chiyero cha chitsulo chikuwonjezeka kufika pa malire ena, osati zinthu zoyambirira zazitsulo zomwe zingathe kusintha kwambiri, komanso katundu watsopano wachitsulo akhoza kupatsidwa.Mwachitsanzo, zomwe zili ndi okosijeni muzitsulo zonyamula zimachepetsedwa kuchokera ku 30 × 10-6 mpaka 5 × 10-6, ndipo moyo wobereka umawonjezeka ndi 30 nthawi.Universal austenitic zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri sizimakhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri pomwe phosphorous imachepetsedwa kukhala 3 × 10-6.Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, chiyero cha chiyero (10) chachitsulo chomwe chingapezeke ndi kupanga kwakukulu ndi: hydrogen ≤1, oxygen ≤5, carbon ≤10, sulfure ≤10, nitrogen ≤15, phosphorous ≤25.

(2) Kufanana kwambiri.The zikuchokera kulekanitsa zitsulo kumabweretsa dongosolo osagwirizana ndi katundu zitsulo, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zofunika kulephera koyambirira kwa mbali zitsulo ndi zovuta ntchito mokwanira angathe katundu zitsulo.Ukadaulo wamakono wopanga uyenera kupanga chitsulo chofananira: kusinthasintha kwamagulu agalimoto ndi ± 3HRC;Zomwe zili mu carbon, nickel, molybdenum ≤± 0.01%, ndi manganese ndi chromium ≤± 0.02% zimayendetsedwa bwino.Kukula kwa njere kwa zitsulo zokhala ndi chitsulo pambuyo pozimitsa kumakhala kozungulira ndipo kusinthasintha kwake ndi 0.8± 0.2 μm.Zomwe zimapangidwira zachitsulo chosagwira misozi (Z-direction steel) mumayendedwe otalikirapo, opingasa komanso makulidwe, makamaka pulasitiki ndi kulimba zofunika nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofanana.
(3) Kapangidwe kabwino kwambiri.Ultra-fine microstructure kulimbitsa ndi njira yokhayo yolimbikitsira yomwe imatha kukulitsa mphamvu yachitsulo popanda kuchepa kapena kukulitsa kulimba pang'ono.Mwachitsanzo, kukula kwa njere kwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri AFC77 chitayengedwa kuchokera ku 60μm mpaka 2.3 μm, kulimba kwa fracture Kic kumawonjezeka kuchokera 100 mpaka 220MPa · m.Kutentha kotenthetsera kwa mbale yachitsulo yolimba mu chotengera cha nyukiliya ndi 150 ~ 250 ℃ pomwe chitsulo chopangidwa bwino ndi 50 ~ 70 ℃.Pamene kukula kwa carbide muzitsulo zokhala ndi zitsulo kuli bwino mpaka ≤0.5μm, moyo wobereka udzakhala wabwino kwambiri.
(4) Kulondola kwambiri. Zitsulo zapaderaziyenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino a pamwamba ndi zopapatiza dimensional tolerances.Kulondola kwa ndodo yachitsulo yotentha ndi ± 0.1mm, kulolerana kwa makulidwe a koyilo ya pepala yotentha ndikufika ku ± 0.015 ~ 0.05mm, ndipo kulolerana kwa makulidwe a koyilo yopukutira kuzizira kumafika ± 0.003mm.