Ke kalaiwa anaʻO ka hana ʻana i ka ingot kila i loko o ka billet me ka hāmare a i ʻole ka mīkini kaomi; E like me ka haku mele, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kila i ke kila kalapona a me ke kila kila.

(1) Ma waho aʻe o ka hao a me ke kalapona, ʻo ka hui kemika o ke kila kalapona kekahi mau mea e like me ka manganese silico, sulfur a me ka phosphorus, ma waena o ka sulfur a me ka phosphorus he mea haumia ʻino. ʻO Manganese silico kahi mea deoxidized i hoʻohui ʻia i ke kila kalapona i ke kaʻina hana kila. Wahi a ka ʻokoʻa kalapona ʻokoʻa i loko o ke kila kalapona, ua māhele pinepine ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻano:
ʻO ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa: ʻO 0.04% -0.25% ka nui o ka carbon;
Medium carbon steel: 0.25% -0.55% carbon content;
Ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe: ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kalapona ma mua o 0.55%
(2) Hoʻohui ʻia ke kila kila i hoʻokahi a i ʻole kekahi o nā mea hoʻohui i loko o ke kila kalapona a me ke kila maʻemaʻe e like me ka silicon manganese alloy elements a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea paʻa paʻa, e loaʻa pū kekahi mau mea hoʻohuihui ʻē aʻe, e like me ka nickel chromium molybdenum vanadium titanium tungsten cobalt aluminika zirconium niobium a me nā mea honua ʻole a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻekolu mau ʻāpana:

ʻO ke kila kila haʻahaʻa: ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o nā mea hoʻohui i ka 3.5%;
ʻO ke kila kila kila:ʻo ka nui o nā mea i hoʻohuihuiʻia he 3.5-10%;
ʻO ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe: ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea hoʻohui i ka 10%
E like me ka helu o nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole i loko o ke kila kila, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka binary ternary a me ka multi-element alloy steel i hoʻohui ʻia, e like me nā ʻano o nā mea hoʻohui i loko o ke kila, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ke kila manganese, ke kila chromium, ke kila boron, ke kila silika, ke kila manganese, ke kila manganese chromium, ke kila molybdenum, chromium molybdenum, tungsten so