Ukuphononongwa kweengxaki zomgangatho wokubumba ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu kwaye obanzi, onokuthi uchazwe ngokuhambelana nesizathu sokukhubazeka, uxanduva lweziphene, kunye nendawo yeziphene, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuyihlela.

(1) Ngokwenkqubo okanye inkqubo yokuvelisa ukuvelisa iziphene, kukho iziphene ezisemgangathweni kwinkqubo yokulungiswa kwezinto, iziphene ezisemgangathweni kwinkqubo yokuqulunqa kunye neziphene zekhwalithi kwinkqubo yonyango lokushisa.

1) Iziphene ezibangelwa yimathiriyeli ekrwada.(1) Iziphene zokubumba ezibangelwa yizinto eziluhlaza: ukuqhekeka, ukuqhekeka, imingxuma eyanciphayo, ikhululekile, ukungcola, ulwahlulo, i-scarring, i-bubbles, ukufakwa kwe-slag, imingxuma yesanti, i-folds, i-scratches, i-non-metallic inclusions, amabala amhlophe kunye nezinye iziphene;(2) Ukuqhekeka okude okanye okunqamlezileyo, i-interlayers kunye nezinye iziphene ezibangelwa ziziphene zezinto eziluhlaza ngexesha lokubumba;(3) Kukho iingxaki ekubunjweni kweekhemikhali zemathiriyeli ekrwada.

I-2) Iziphene ezibangelwa kukugubungela zibandakanya: indawo yokuphela kwesiphelo, i-tilt end surface kunye nobude obungonelanga, i-end crack, i-end burr kunye ne-interlayer, njl.

I-3) Iziphene ezibangelwa ukufudumeza ziquka ukuqhekeka, i-oxidation kunye ne-decarburization, ukufudumala, ukutshisa ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nokufudumala okungalinganiyo, njl.

4) Iziphene kwiukwenzazibandakanya iintanda, ukugoba, imingxuma yokuphela, ubungakanani obungonelanga kunye nemilo, kunye neziphene zomhlaba, njl.

5) Iziphene ezibangelwa ukupholisa kunye nonyango lokushisa emvaforging ziquka: i-crack kunye nebala elimhlophe, ukuguqulwa, ukungafani kobunzima okanye ingqolowa enqabileyo, njl.

(2) Ngokwemfanelo yeziphene

1) Umgangatho onxulumene nenkqubo yokubumba kunye noyilo lwezixhobo --umgangatho woyilo (ingqiqo yoyilo lokubumba).Ngaphambi kokufakwa kwimveliso, iinjineli kunye neengcali ziya kuguqula imizobo yemveliso ibe yimvelisoukwenza imizobo, yenza izicwangciso zenkqubo, uyilo lwezixhobo kunye nokulungisa imveliso.Zonke iindlela zokuvelisa zilungile phambi kokuba zidluliselwe kwimveliso esesikweni.Phakathi kwazo, umgangatho woyilo wenkqubo kunye nezixhobo kunye nomgangatho wokugunyaziswa kwezixhobo zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho wokwenziwa.

2) Umgangatho onxulumene nolawulo lokubumba -- umgangatho wolawulo.Ukuqulunqaisiphene umgangatho obangelwa isixhobo imeko embi kwaye inkqubo uqhagamshelo ingxaki.Lonke ikhonkco kwinkqubo yokuvelisa imveliso inokuchaphazela ukubunjwa kwezinto ezisemgangathweni.Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukulawula onke amakhonkco emveliso ukusuka ekukhethweni kwezinto eziluhlaza ukuya kunyango lokufudumala emva kokwenza ubushushu ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso kunye nomgangatho wemveliso.

3) Umgangatho onxulumene nenkqubo yokwenziwa kwemveliso -- umgangatho wokuvelisa.Ukwenza isiphene somgangatho obangelwa kukungasebenzi kakuhle okanye uxanduva olubuthathaka lomsebenzisi.

4) Umgangatho onxulumene neinkqubo yokuhlola yokukhohlisa-- umgangatho wokuhlola.Abasebenzi abahlolayo kufuneka benze uhlolo olungqongqo nolunenkathalo ukuthintela ukuphoswa kohlolo.

(3) Ngokwendawo yeziphene, kukho iziphene zangaphandle, iziphene zangaphakathi kunye neziphene zomhlaba.

I-1) Ubungakanani kunye nokuphambuka kobunzima: (1) Umda wokusika kufuneka ugcinwe uncinci kangangoko kunokwenzeka phantsi kwesiseko sokuqinisekisa ukuba i-forging ingacutshungulwa kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo;(2) Ubungakanani, imilo kunye nokuchaneka kwendawo, kubhekiselele kwimilinganiso yangaphandle kunye nemilo kunye nendawo evunyelwe ukutenxa;Ukutenxa ubunzima.

2) Umgangatho wangaphakathi: iimfuno kwisakhiwo se-metallographic, amandla okanye ubulukhuni be-forgings emva konyango lobushushu (nangona ezinye ii-forgings zingangeni kunyango lobushushu, kodwa kukho iimfuno zomgangatho wendalo), kunye nezibonelelo kwezinye iziphene ezinomgangatho.

3) Umgangatho womphezulu: ubhekiselele kwiziphene zomhlaba, umgangatho wokucoca umphezulu kunye nonyango oluchasene ne-rust lweziqwenga zokubumba.

ukusuka: 168 forging