Manaʻo manaʻo hou e hoʻopakele i ka ikehu no ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā ʻāpana a me ke koho ʻana i nā mea kū i ka corrosion i loaʻa ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me nā ratio mānoanoa. Hiki ke hana ʻia ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana a i ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kaumaha me nā mea ʻoi aku ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe. I kēia pōʻaiapili, he hana koʻikoʻi ka forging i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana hoʻolālā i hoʻonui ʻia. Ma ka Institute of Metal Forming and Metal-Forming Machines (IFUM) ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻenehana forging hou. E pili ana i ka optimization structural, ua noiʻi ʻia nā hoʻolālā like ʻole no ka hoʻoikaika kūloko o nā ʻāpana. Hiki ke ho'okō 'ia ka ho'opa'a 'ana i ho'okomo 'ia ma ka hana anu ma lalo o ke kaomi hydrostatic. Eia hou, hiki ke hana ʻia nā ʻāpana martensitic i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma o ka hana ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae i hoʻohuli ʻia i nā kila austenitic metastable. ʻO nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe i kālele ʻia i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻāpana kila kaumaha me nā ʻāpana nonferrous ikaika kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā ​​pūhui mea hybrid. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kekahi mau kaʻina hana forging o ka magnesium, aluminika a me ka titanium alloys no nā noi aeronautical a me nā kaʻa. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia ke kaulahao kaʻina holoʻokoʻa mai ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea ma o ka hoʻolālā kaʻina hana simulation a hiki i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka hiki ke hana i nā geometries paʻakikī me kēia mau ala. ʻOiai nā pilikia i loaʻa ma muli o ka walaʻau mīkini a me ka wela kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻenehana acoustic emission (AE) no ka nānā ʻana ma ka pūnaewele i nā hemahema. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka algorithm AE analysis hou, i ʻike ʻia a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano hōʻailona like ʻole ma muli o nā hanana like ʻole e like me ka haki ʻana o ka huahana/make a i ʻole ka lole make. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻoia ʻia ka hiki ʻana o nā ʻenehana forging i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka finite element analysis (FEA). No ka laʻana, make ka pono o ka forging e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka māwae ma muli o ka luhi thermo-mechanical a me ka pōʻino ductile o ka forgings ua noiʻi ʻia me ke kōkua o nā kumu hoʻohālike kumulative. Ma kēia ʻatikala e wehewehe ʻia kekahi o nā ala i ʻōlelo ʻia.